Lidar observations of atmospheric optical characteristics during Sichuan earthquake

The results of lidar observations of the atmosphere during the Sichuan (China) earthquake of 2008 are presented. It is shown that atmospheric parameters substantially changed during and after the earthquake. The profile of scattering characteristics formed in the lower troposphere differs from the original, which can serve as a predictor for earthquakes

TRADE RELATIONS OF RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY WITH THE LEVANTINE PROVINCES OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES

В представленной статье рассматривается развитие торговых отношений России и Австро-Венгрии в конце XIX - начале ХХ вв. на территории Сирии, Ливана и Палестины, входивших в состав Османской империи. На основе компаративного анализа автор приходит к выводу, что Австро-Венгрия смогла добиться больших успехов в развитии внешней торговли с данным регионом, нежели Россия. Предприниматели из империи Габсбургов тщательно изучали запросы потребителей на территории Османской империи и специфику организации торговли на Ближнем Востоке. Российские предприниматели в основном ориентировались на емкий внутренний рынок, уделяя развитию экспорта второстепенное значение. Россия и Австро-Венгрия столкнулись с рядом существенных проблем при организации внешнеэкономической деятельности на территории Сирии, Ливана и Палестины. Кроме конкуренции других европейских государств и США, им пришлось столкнуться с низким уровнем доходов местного населения, что существенно ограничивало его покупательную способность и возможность приобретать высококачественные импортные товары

Mesofauna influence on hamification process of vegetable oddments with partticipation microarthropod

Relevance of the studied problem is caused by the fact that stability of natural ecosystems strongly depends on functioning of their destructive block which closes a biological circulation. The organisms that ensure functioning of the destructive block are very different and numerous. All of them partly supplement, partly duplicate functions of each other that is an important factor of reliability of this ecosystem block. Shallow arthropods are important regulators of fossils mineralization and immobilizations of various biogens. Experiments demonstrate that if there are microarthropods, humification processes amplify and the optical density of humic acids raises. The aim of the article is to show degree and depth of change of mineralization and humification processes at the interaction of microarthropods and some mesofauna representatives in the processes of transformation of organic substance of vegetable oddments on the basis of experimental research. The most popular method to a research of this problem is the creation of laboratory microecosystems which have a clear boundary, which are easily reproduced and convenient for experimenting with subsequent instrumental determination of quantitative and qualitative humification parameters. In the course of experimental work it is revealed that the activity of soil-forming invertebrates results in strengthening humification processes. Humification rates, transformation depth of organic substance directly depend on cenotic organization of destructors. It is obvious that, the more complete the composition of biodegradative agents, the more intensive the decomposition process, the stronger the humification processes prevail over mineralization, the higher their maturity degree. All above-mentioned has a huge value to preserve a long-term fertility and high agronomical soil value, both in agrophitocenosis, and in natural biogeocenosis. © 2016 Simono, Svetkina and Kryuchkov

Remote atomic clock synchronization via satellites and optical fibers

In the global network of institutions engaged with the realization of International Atomic Time (TAI), atomic clocks and time scales are compared by means of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and by employing telecommunication satellites for two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT). The frequencies of the state-of-the-art primary caesium fountain clocks can be compared at the level of 10e-15 (relative, 1 day averaging) and time scales can be synchronized with an uncertainty of one nanosecond. Future improvements of worldwide clock comparisons will require also an improvement of the local signal distribution systems. For example, the future ACES (atomic clock ensemble in space) mission shall demonstrate remote time scale comparisons at the uncertainty level of 100 ps. To ensure that the ACES ground instrument will be synchronized to the local time scale at PTB without a significant uncertainty contribution, we have developed a means for calibrated clock comparisons through optical fibers. An uncertainty below 50 ps over a distance of 2 km has been demonstrated on the campus of PTB. This technology is thus in general a promising candidate for synchronization of enhanced time transfer equipment with the local realizations of UTC . Based on these experiments we estimate the uncertainty level for calibrated time transfer through optical fibers over longer distances. These findings are compared with the current status and developments of satellite based time transfer systems, with a focus on the calibration techniques for operational systems

Studying the compactibility of the VT22 high-strength alloy powder obtained by the PREP method

Compression curves are plotted for VT22 high-strength alloy powder under conditions of uniaxial compression at room temperature. The density of the compacted briquette at the loading and unloading stages is determined. It is demonstrated that strong interparticle bonds are formed in the area of the action of shear deformation. The results are supposed to be used to identify the flow model of the material studied and to perform the subsequent numerical modeling of the compaction process. © 2017 Author(s)